The Art of Tarot

by Alejandro Jodorowsky

copyright © Alejandro Jodorowsky

Image

Origin

No one knows who created the Tarot, where or when.

Nobody knows what this word means or what language it belongs to.

Nor do we know whether it is the origin of the card game or whether it is merely the culmination of a slow evolution that began with the creation of a game called naïbbe (cards), to which the MAJOR ARCANA and COURT CARDS were added over the years.

The first sure point of reference is the ban on playing cards in Berne in 1376. In 1392, the minutes of Charles Peupart, treasurer of Charles VI, state that Jacquemin Gringonneur of Paris was paid 56 sols to paint three decks of cards in gold. But this does not mean that Gringonneur invented the Tarot...

In 1377, a German monk - Johannes - mentioned a card game he had seen in Switzerland. In Spain, card games were reported to have appeared as early as 1378.

In 1457, Saint Anthony referred to the Tarot in his "Treatise on Theology". And in 1500, a Latin manuscript - "Sermones de ludo cum aliis" - contained a list of the MAJOR ARCANA.

Until the 18th century, the Tarot was considered a game of chance and its deeper meaning went unnoticed. The drawings were copied, transformed, mutilated and embellished; they were adorned with portraits of nobles and used for the splendour of the court. But in 1781, the French author Court de Gébelin rediscovered the Tarot (de Marseille) and presented it in the ninth volume of his "Monde primitif" (Primitive World). Adding a zero to the MAT, mistaking the numbers of the Hermit and Temperance, adding a foot to the table of the Magician (Le Bateleur), transforming the sceptre of the Pope, drawing the Hanged Man standing up, etc., he claimed to correct the 'errors' of the original and, ignoring his inaccuracies, gave the Tarot a purely invented origin: the 22 MAJOR ARCANA were hieroglyphs belonging to the 'Book of Toth' rescued from the ruins of the Egyptian temples over a thousand years ago...

Ten years later, a fashionable diviner, the barber Eteilla, 'restored' the 'meaning' of the Tarot de Marseille and established no less fanciful links between its fanciful Cards and Astrology and the Kabbalah. Since then, thousands of books have been written demonstrating that the Tarot originated with the Egyptians, Chaldeans, Hebrews, Arabs, Hindus, Greeks, Chinese, Mayans, extraterrestrials and superhumans, not to mention Atlantis and Adam himself, who may well have drawn the first sketches! The word TAROT is thought to be Egyptian (TAR: path; RO, ROS, ROB: royal), Indo-Tartaric (TAN-TARA: zodiac), Hebrew (TORA: law), Latin (ROTA: wheel; ORAT: he speaks), Sanskrit (TAT: the whole; TAR-O: fixed star), Chinese (TAO), and so on.

Various ethnic and religious groups and secret societies have claimed it as their own: Gypsies, Jews, Masons, Rosicrucians, Sufists... There are influences from the Gospels and the Apocalypse – in such cards as LE MONDE (The World), LE PENDU (The Hanged Man), L’IMPERATRICE (The Empress), LA JUSTICE (Justice), TEMPERANCE (Temperance), LA FORCE (Strength), LE DIABLE (The Devil), LE PAPE (The Pope), LE IUGEMENT (Judgment) – , Tantric teachings, the I Ching and the Aztec Solar Calendar. Some see the Tarot as a work of alchemy, kabbalism, astrology or arithmomancy. Every society, every esoteric nucleus, every branch of magic, every Initiate, every nationality, every artist then feels the need to finally paint the true Tarot...

Over the last two hundred years, more than seven thousand new decks have appeared! Hundreds of old cards have been rescued from libraries in the hope of recovering the original Arcana!

From this tangle of limited, naïve, fantastic, mercantile, pseudo-historical, romantic, schizophrenic, vain or watered-down interpretations, from this superimposition of dogmatisms and systems, finally springs the TAROT DE MARSEILLE, an authentic monument, anonymous as is all sacred art, defined in these terms by the occultist Eliphas Levi: "It is a monumental and singular work, as simple and strong as the architecture of the pyramids, and therefore as durable as them; a book that sums up all the sciences and whose infinite combinations can solve all problems; a book that speaks while making us think; an inspirer and regulator of all possible conceptions: perhaps the masterpiece of the human mind, and undoubtedly one of the most beautiful things left to us by antiquity; a universal clavicle, a veritable philosophical machine that prevents the mind from wandering astray, while allowing it initiative and freedom; it is mathematics applied to the absolute, it is the alliance of the positive with the ideal, it is a lottery of thoughts all rigorously right like numbers, it is finally perhaps what human genius has ever conceived both simplest and greatest" ("Dogme et rituel de la haute magie" - Dogma and Ritual of High Magic - , 1854.)

Unfortunately, E. Levi, like Gébelin and Eteilla, despite his immense intuition, disdained the TAROT DE MARSEILLE, finding it "exoteric" and inventing what he called "esoteric" cards, creating his own Tarot.

He linked each Trump of the Tarot with one of the 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet, disregarded the MINOR ARCANA and placed the MAT between keys 20 and 21. Since then, very few have been able to get rid of this personal vision and literally see the original TAROT.

Without wishing to acknowledge that the MAT is a mystery, without number, which is nowhere and everywhere, countless theories have made it THE FOOL and given it the number 0 or 22. Everyone, like in "Cinderella", is prepared to cut off a piece of their foot to be able to put on the " GLASS " slipper.

In order to make the Tarot coincide with the XXII Paths of the Tree of Life of the Ten Sephiroth of the Kabbalistic Tradition, Arthur Edwards Waite, an English occultist and member of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, inverted the numbers of LA FORCE (Strength) and LA JUSTICE (Justice), transformed L’AMOUREUX (The Lover) into LES AMOUREUX (The lovers) and falsified the meaning of all the MAJOR ARCANA...

A. Crowley, an occultist belonging to the Order of the Temple of the East (O.T.O.), once again changed the names, meaning and order of the cards. LA JUSTICE (Justice) becomes ADJUSTMENT; LA FORCE (Strength), LUXURY; TEMPERANCE (Temperance), ART; LE JUGEMENT (Judgment), AEON. He eliminates the PAGES and KNIGHTS and turns them into PRINCES and PRINCESSES...

It is curious and revealing, when observing the various variations that more or less enlightened interpreters have subjected the TAROT DE MARSEILLE to, to see how, copying the errors of their predecessors, they in fact attribute a 'traditional' meaning to it.

Oswald Wirth, a Swiss occultist, mason and member of the Theosophical Society, drew his Tarot, introducing not only medieval costumes, Egyptian sphinxes, the Chinese symbol of the Tao, E. Levi's version of the devil, etc., and is inspired more by Court de Gébelin's clumsy version – see his MAISON DIEU (The God House), his TEMPERANCE (Temperance), his JUSTICE (Justice), his PAPE (The Pope), his AMOUREUX (The Lover) – than by the real TAROT DE MARSEILLE... Some scholars have gone so far as to claim that the TAROT DE MARSEILLE is a naive version of the Tarot de Gébelin!... Thousands of followers of an American Rosicrucian sect claim that the Egyptian Tarot by R. Falconnier – then a member of the Comédie Française, he published it in 1896 and dedicated it to A. Dumas fils – is the original sacred deck...

Two centuries of dreams and lies. Piles of books and printed cards in search of a secret within everyone's reach, waiting to be discovered only by the arrows of a correct reading: THE TAROT DE MARSEILLE.

The Art of Tarot

by Alejandro Jodorowsky

copyright © Alejandro Jodorowsky